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Eating disorders are more often prevalent in elite female athletes who compete in aesthetic sports than those who participate in nonaesthetic sports [21]. That is why low satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance, along with a desire to be leaner, to improve sporting performance, is all indicative of eating disorders [22, 23]. Individuals dissatisfied with their body may undertake unhealthy behaviors (e.g., restrict dietary intake) or respond affectively (e.g., by experiencing negative emotions) and consequently this may contribute to the onset and persistence of an eating pathology [24].
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In our study we focused on the self-perception of body image in highly trained female athletes, because, according to available literature, it seems that the phenomenon of body dissatisfaction in relation to different sports is still unexplored. Additionally, findings often vary by the type of sport, level of competition, age, and research methodology [20]. From a health perspective body satisfaction is one of the crucial factors in the prevention of unhealthy, weight-related behaviors, especially in female athletes. Additionally, body dissatisfaction can be used to predict eating disorders, especially among sportswomen [25], and these disorders may have very serious health consequences.
One-way ANOVA showed differences in the body image of the athletes engaged in different types of sport (F(11, 230) = 4.10, p
Our findings did not confirm our hypothesis and indeed contrast with previous research, which indicated that women participating in aesthetic sports experience greater body dissatisfaction than those in other sports [13, 14]. For example, Kong and Harris [13] have observed greater general and sport-related body dissatisfaction in leanness-focused female athletes compared to athletes engaged in nonleanness sports. Rose [31] has indicated that athletes from appearance-focused sports like gymnastics and tennis showed less-positive body esteem and greater concern about weight than athletes in other disciplines, for which appearance did not matter. However, Krentz and Warschburger [23] found that athletes from aesthetic sports did not differ from recreationally active athletes with respect to general body dissatisfaction. Moreover, Torstveit et al. [21] have shown that fewer athletes competing in leanness sports than athletes competing in nonleanness sports were dissatisfied with their body.
The explanation of our results may relate to the fact that our study group of athletes from aesthetic sports had a lower BMI than those from nonaesthetic sports. BMI was a significant factor explaining body image in these sportswomen. According to Karr et al. [20], greater body dissatisfaction among participants in high-school sports was associated with higher BMI. In the study of Swami et al. [14], BMI was a stronger predictor of body dissatisfaction than sport type. The slim and fit body is an idealized female body form in Western societies [32, 33], which may be promoted via friends, family, and the media [34]. As a result, athletes from aesthetic sports might be more satisfied with their body within their social environment.
In our study, the level of competition was a significant predictor of body image; those athletes who competed internationally had a more positive perception of their body image than those who performed nationally. These findings contrast with the results of a meta-analysis, in which elite athletes (those competing at national or international levels), in comparison with sportswomen at other levels, were found to show the highest degree of risk for body image disturbance [35] and experienced more dissatisfaction with their body [36]. However, our investigation involved a relatively homogeneous group. Competition nationally and internationally is characterized by a similar determination of players to win. Nevertheless, competing at an international level may be associated with more experience and greater awareness of their body and thus a more positive body image among athletes. Moreover, the participants in the present study were between 13 and 30 years of age. A similar age range of female athletes has been analyzed in other crucial studies on body image and related topics [7, 13, 21, 37]. We observed that body image perception was more negative in younger athletes. This may be a consequence of the puberty period in which body fat percentage increases and breast and hips develop [38]. Consequently, young athletes who compete at an elite level might perceive their body more negatively. On the other hand, older athletes are more experienced in highly competitive sports environments and may also have greater athletic self-efficacy, which is associated with lower body dissatisfaction [20].
It is also possible that in our study the more positive body image perception in women involved in aesthetic sports was related to other factors. The results might be confounded by competition level, age, and BMI or there might be interaction among these variables. Body image perception in females may be the result of a combination of factors that incorporate both interpersonal and intrapersonal factors [3]. Additionally, pressure from the coaches, for example, by making negative weight-related comments, was not evaluated. Such comments can upset athletes and make them become more focused on their bodies [39]. In the study by Kong and Harris [13], more than 60% of elite female athletes reported pressure from coaches concerning body shape. Similar results have been obtained by other authors [40, 41]. Coaches are thus powerful social agents in athletes' body image perceptions [4]. In the model proposed by Petrie and Greenleaf [8] and according to Reel et al. [1], parents, friends, judges, media, competitiveness, and training regime may all also add pressure on female athletes and promote body dissatisfaction.
Athletes are a subpopulation which is particularly prone to body image distortion and eating disorders. Stice and Shaw [46] indicated in their study that, in turn, heightened dissatisfaction with the body increases the risk of various adverse outcomes, for example, eating disorders. According to Stice [47], body dissatisfaction may be viewed as a primary precursor of eating disorders. Abnormal eating, which includes restrictive eating, overeating, skipping meals, and binge-eating and the use of diet pills and diuretics [48] are undertaken by athletes to achieve desired weight or body shape. Therefore, there is a need for an early investigation of potential correlates of eating disorders, including body image, to protect health of female athletes.
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